The specific properties of nonwoven fabrics are influenced by various production factors, resulting in a diverse array of characteristics. Their appearance can resemble that of paper, felt, or woven textiles, and they can exhibit a range of textures—from soft and resilient to rigid and board-like, with limited flexibility. Nonwovens can vary significantly in thickness, from as thin as tissue paper to several times thicker, and they can be either translucent or opaque.
Their porosity can vary widely, allowing for anything from high airflow to complete impermeability. Strength levels also differ, with some nonwovens exhibiting low tear and burst resistance, while others possess high tensile strength. These fabrics can be produced using methods such as gluing, heat bonding, or sewing, and their drapability can range from excellent to nonexistent.
Some nonwovens are designed for easy laundering, while others may not withstand washing and might require dry cleaning. Nonwovens are specifically engineered to provide properties tailored for particular applications. For instance, diapers may consist of two layers of nonwoven fabrics: an outer layer made from a wetting-agent-treated polyester that allows quick fluid penetration with minimal lateral wicking, and an inner layer crafted from absorbent rayon.
Additionally, high-filtration nonwovens for surgical masks can be made from microdenier fibers, while thick, insulating nonwovens for ski jackets can also utilize these fibers. Ongoing research aims to enhance or even surpass the properties found in traditionally woven fabrics.
